Which methodology should an investment firm use when calculating the ‘costs related to transactions initiated in the course of the provision of an investment service’ for its ex-ante cost disclosure?

Are the suitability checks and controls a DEA provider should perform on clients using the service also applicable in case of clients that are not investment firms authorised in the EU? Where a DEA client extends its access to its own clients, is the DEA provider responsible for the conduct of these sub-delegated clients?

Article 15(2) of MiFIR sets out that “in justified cases”, systematic internalisers may execute orders at a better price than the quoted prices provided that the price falls within a public range close to market conditions. What are those justified cases?

How do the OTF best execution obligations apply when third-party brokers are clients of the OTF or when these brokers provide Direct Electronic Access (DEA) (see Article 4(1)(41) of MiFID II)?

When an OTF authorised to trade financial instruments also trades REMIT wholesale energy products, i.e. in non-financial instruments, what are the applicable MiFID II/MiFIR provisions?