How does the ECSPR apply to crowdfunding service providers that charge registration, membership, or other access fees?

For the purpose of the AAR representativeness obligation, how should the maturity of trades be calculated, and how should the instruments be assigned to the individual maturity buckets?

How should the “notional clearing volume outstanding”, as referred to in Article 7a, paragraph 4 and 8 of EMIR, be calculated?

Should the “one-half” rule set-out under Article 7a(4), subparagraph 5 of EMIR be applied at the level of the classes of derivatives, or across all classes of derivatives?

1. Can a non-EU (group) entity co-sign transactions without being considered to exercise control over EU client assets or provide custody?

2. Can a non-EU (group) entity alter signing policies without being considered to exercise control over EU client assets or provide custody?