Can CASPs offer crypto-asset lending services under MiCA, and if so, under which conditions, in particular with respect to the use of clients’ crypto-assets?

How should the perimeter of advice on crypto-assets under MiCA be understood, and to what extent is it comparable to the notion of investment advice under MiFID II?

In particular, do introductory services – where a person recommends a crypto-asset service provider and/or a crypto-asset service to a client, without recommending specific transactions on crypto-assets – fall within the scope of advice on crypto-assets under MiCA?

When a reporting entity (e.g., an issuer, offeror, or person seeking admission to trading) notifies a modification of a white paper originally submitted before the entry into application of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2984 on 23 December 2025, is the reporting entity required to submit the modified white paper in the machine-readable format specified in the regulation?

Under Article 62(2)(q) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR):
1. May independent contractors provide advice on crypto-assets on behalf of crypto-asset service providers (CASP) without being authorised as CASPs nor directly employed by said CASPs?
2. May independent contractors be hired by CASPs to provide crypto-assets advice on behalf of said CASPs?

What entities should be considered as Persons Professionally Arranging or Executing Transactions (PPAETs) for the obligation to prevent, detect and report market abuse or attempted market abuse under Article 92(1) of MiCA?